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  类和接口
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  <h1 id="类和接口"><a href="#类和接口" class="headerlink" title="类和接口"></a>类和接口</h1><hr>
<h2 id="对象-Object"><a href="#对象-Object" class="headerlink" title="对象 Object"></a>对象 Object</h2><p>java 是面向对象的语言：对象包含了状态和行为，用户通过调用对象的方法、改变对象的属性来实现 java 程序的功能。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">Car</span> <span class="variable">myCar</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Car</span>(<span class="string">&quot;BMW&quot;</span>);                          <span class="comment">// 创建对象       </span></span><br><span class="line">me.brand = <span class="string">&quot;Benz&quot;</span>;                                   <span class="comment">// 修改对象变量                   </span></span><br><span class="line">me.go(<span class="string">&quot;London&quot;</span>);                                     <span class="comment">// 调用对象方法</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


<p>在 java 程序中我们通过类和接口来定义对象的性质：每个 java 文件都是一个定义好的  public 类 / 接口，且类名 / 接口名与文件名相同。</p>
<p><em>java 文件可以含有多个类 / 接口，但只能有一个 public 类 / 接口供外部访问。</em></p>
<hr>
<h2 id="类-Class"><a href="#类-Class" class="headerlink" title="类 Class"></a>类 Class</h2><p>对象的类型：定义对象含有的变量和方法。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Car</span> &#123;     </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 变量</span></span><br><span class="line">    String brand;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">String</span> <span class="variable">description</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;this is a car&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// static 变量 </span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> number_of_car;  </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 构造方法</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title function_">car</span><span class="params">(String brand)</span>&#123;        </span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">this</span>.brand = brand;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 方法  </span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">go</span><span class="params">(String loc)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.print(<span class="string">&quot;go to&quot;</span> + loc);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;   </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// static 方法</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="title function_">showNum</span><span class="params">()</span>&#123;            </span><br><span class="line">        System.out.print(number_of_car);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 初始化块</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;       </span><br><span class="line">        number_of_car;                                      </span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// static 初始化块</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">static</span>&#123;                                                              </span><br><span class="line">        number_of_car = <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 内部类</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Warranty</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">repair</span><span class="params">()</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            System.out.print(<span class="string">&quot;repair&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;    </span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li><strong>变量</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>对象中存储的数据。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>方法</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>调用时执行的代码。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>初始化块</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>创建对象前自动执行的代码。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>内部类</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>定义在类中的类。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>构造方法</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>在创建对象时自动执行，不返回任何参数（先执行初始化块，再执行构造方法）。</p>
<p>未定义任何构造方法时，系统会自动添加无参构造方法。</p>
<h3 id="终态声明"><a href="#终态声明" class="headerlink" title="终态声明"></a>终态声明</h3><ul>
<li><strong>final 常量</strong>： 只能赋值一次，不可更改。</li>
<li><strong>final 类</strong>： 不可被继承。</li>
<li><strong>final 方法</strong>：（弃用）不可被继承。现在所有的 private 方法都隐式地指定为 final。</li>
</ul>
<p><em>对于 final 常量，如果编译时就可以确定值，编译器会在编译时直接把这个变量替换成它的值。</em></p>
<h3 id="静态声明"><a href="#静态声明" class="headerlink" title="静态声明"></a>静态声明</h3><ul>
<li><strong>static 变量</strong>：该变量由该类的所有对象共享，不需要创建对象也可使用。</li>
<li><strong>static 方法</strong>：允许直接访问，不需要创建对象也可被调用。如 main 方法。</li>
<li><strong>static 初始化块</strong>：在创建类的第一个对象前自动执行（先执行静态初始化块，再执行初始化块）。</li>
<li><strong>static 内部类</strong>：外部类对象共享，只能访问外部类的静态成员。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="权限声明"><a href="#权限声明" class="headerlink" title="权限声明"></a>权限声明</h3><ul>
<li><strong>public</strong>： 允许所有访问。</li>
<li><strong>protected</strong>： 只允许本类、同包和子类访问。</li>
<li>**[default]**： 允许本类和同包访问。</li>
<li><strong>private</strong>： 只允许本类访问。</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="接口-Interface"><a href="#接口-Interface" class="headerlink" title="接口 Interface"></a>接口 Interface</h2><p>类的规范：只规定应含有哪些方法，而不负责具体实现。 </p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">interface</span> <span class="title class_">Move</span>&#123;  </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// abstract 方法                   </span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">go</span><span class="params">(String loc)</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// default 方法                                 </span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">default</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">stop</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;      </span><br><span class="line">        System.out.print(<span class="string">&quot;stop&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;;                  </span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ol>
<li>声明接口：必须且默认为 static final，通常为 public 。</li>
<li>只允许声明静态常量：必须且默认为 public static final 。</li>
<li>声明抽象方法：必须且默认为 abstract ，可以为 static。</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>JDK 1.8 以前，接口中抽象方法必须且默认为 public，不允许实现任何方法。<br>JDK 1.8 以后，接口中抽象方法可以且默认为 default，且允许实现 static 和 default 方法。<br>JDK 1.9 以后，接口中抽象方法可以是 private。*</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="抽象声明"><a href="#抽象声明" class="headerlink" title="抽象声明"></a>抽象声明</h3><ul>
<li><strong>abstract 方法</strong>：只有声明，而没有方法的具体实现。</li>
<li><strong>abstract 类</strong>：类的模板，不能实例化对象。必须由其他类继承才能使用。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">abstract</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Vehicle</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 声明变量</span></span><br><span class="line">    String brand;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 声明并实现方法</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">go</span><span class="params">(String loc)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.print(<span class="string">&quot;go to&quot;</span> + loc);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;   </span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="接口和抽象类的区别"><a href="#接口和抽象类的区别" class="headerlink" title="接口和抽象类的区别"></a>接口和抽象类的区别</h4><ol>
<li>接口不能实现普通方法，抽象类可以实现具体的方法、也可以不实现。</li>
<li>接口只能定义静态常量，抽象类可以定义非静态变量。</li>
<li>一个实体类可以实现多个接口，但只能继承一个抽象类。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="更新声明"><a href="#更新声明" class="headerlink" title="更新声明"></a>更新声明</h3><ul>
<li><p><strong>default 方法</strong>：更新接口时添加的新方法，允许旧类实现接口而不实现该方法。</p>
<ul>
<li><p>可以直接在接口内实现，供没有定义的旧类直接使用。若类中实现了该方法则覆盖。</p>
</li>
<li><p>如果类实现了多个接口且拥有同名 default 方法：</p>
<ol>
<li>两个接口若存在继承关系，调用时优先使用子类方法。</li>
<li>否则，必须重写子类 default 方法，通过 super 关键字明确实现哪个接口：</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Plane</span> <span class="keyword">implements</span> <span class="title class_">Move</span>, Fly&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ...</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">go</span><span class="params">()</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        Fly.<span class="built_in">super</span>.go();                 <span class="comment">// 实现选定 default 方法</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<hr>
<h2 id="包-Package"><a href="#包-Package" class="headerlink" title="包 Package"></a>包 Package</h2><p>命名空间，表示 java 文件的存储路径。其路径记录在每个 java 文件首。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> com.company.project.<span class="keyword">module</span>;                    <span class="comment">// 声明存储路径</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="导入-import"><a href="#导入-import" class="headerlink" title="导入 import"></a>导入 import</h3><p>在 java 文件中，如果要调用其他 java 文件中定义的类 / 接口，就需要进行导入：</p>
<ul>
<li>同一存储路径（包）下的 java 文件不需要导入，可以直接调用。</li>
<li>已默认导入 java.lang 路径下所有 java 文件，包含 System、String、Object、Math 等常用类。</li>
<li>如果没有导入对应 java 文件，或者导入了多个同名 java 文件，在调用类 / 接口时需要标明路径。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> com.company.project.<span class="keyword">module</span>;  </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> java.util.Scanner;                             <span class="comment">// 导入 java 文件，但不包括内部 static 变量和方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> java.net.*;                                    <span class="comment">// 导入路径下所有 java 文件，但不包括下属文件夹</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> java.lang.Math.PI;                      <span class="comment">// 导入 java 文件中的 static 变量或方法</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Test</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        java.io.<span class="type">InputStream</span> <span class="variable">in</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">java</span>.io.InputStream(System.in);    <span class="comment">// 未导入类，调用时需要标明路径</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="type">Scanner</span> <span class="variable">sc</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Scanner</span>(in);                                   <span class="comment">// 已导入类，可直接调用</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="type">Integer</span> <span class="variable">n</span> <span class="operator">=</span> sc.nextInt();                                       <span class="comment">// 默认导入类，可直接调用</span></span><br><span class="line">        sc.close();           </span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



 
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